Persuasive Techniques Used in Rolex Advertisements Essay

Rolex is a very large manufacture which sells valuable wristwatches. It is a company widely spread throughout the United States. Rolex Company makes several advertisements on their products. One of the advertisements, they used a famous person and strong persuasion techniques which consist of ethos, pathos and logos to convince the audience who wants to be successful to buy their products. This advertisement has been watched throughout the states and persuaded many people to fall in to it. What makes this advertisement special is that it carries different kinds of persuasion techniques. When the creator post the famous person, David Beckham, not only did the advertisement shows him as well known and successful person, but also as an†¦show more content†¦In the text on the advertisement states ‘His charisma is known world over. With an unsurpassed level of resilience he has surpassed expectations of many.’ The short biography on the advertisement describes David Beckham as charismatic, successful and high achiever. The creator wants the audience to make connection in their brain that this kind of famous person wears the Rolex watch, and so people will emotionally get attached to the product. The creator also wants to show that David Beckham and the watch have qualities that complement each other. The emotionally words on the text like sensational , unsurpassed and ‘Rolex. Live for greatness’ describes David Beckham as an elite type person. This convinces elite people need to own a Rolex wristwatch to show their wealth. The advertisement was set up so the audience can feel the emotion and start developing a good feeling about the watch and the company so that it would be logical to buy the watch. Rolex want the audience to buy the watch because they want to be like Beckham. The creator also uses logos techniques on the advertisement. On the short paragraph at the bottom, the creator mentioned that Beckham achieved to three world cups which is a factual data that he is a successful person. Rolex found someone who is recognized worldwide and could hit multiple target audiences and gave themselves the image of success and accomplishment. This advertisement focuses on theShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Advertising On The Digital Age1842 Words   |  8 Pagesnon-personal announcement of a persuasive message by an identified sponsor; the non-personal presentation or promotion by a firm of it’s to its existing and potential customers. This Project will show the history advertising and how it grew as a whole, the different types of advertisements and how it shaped businesses to discover just how their advertising strategy aims for a competitive advantage in the digital age, and how to avoid being caught in companies advertisements. 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What Does Waterfalls Essay Topics Mean?

What Does Waterfalls Essay Topics Mean? The majority of these expenses are covered by the middle for Medicare and Medicaid Services through Medicare. The Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement provides a number of the critical strategies that needs to be implemented in a hospital setting as a means of preventing fall cases. Home health agencies are in a special place to decrease the potential of falling, but a lot of agencies focus only on those at imminent risk, providing little if any support to numerous at-risk seniors. Taking care of your health by exercising and receiving regular eye exams and physicals might help lessen your chance of falling. Falls are not just the primary cause of fatal and nonfatal injuries but also the most typical source of hospital admission for trauma. Top Waterfalls Essay Topics Choices In the event the initial care provided isn't successful a nurse must develop a different plan of action. However, it's up to the hospital management to deci de on the ones to emphasize most depending on the essence of their hospital environment and the sort of patients they're handling. But these strategies should be designed in a way that it's related to the patients' healthcare needs and additionally the essence of the hospital atmosphere. The staff isn't providing the patients with bathroom breaks on a normal basis. The patient's possessions ought to be kept within their reach and this is accomplished by ensuring that the patients have a little wardrobe just right near the bed in the place where they sleep. However, there are different actions that nurses are able to take to safeguard the protection of their elderly residents. In this instance the patient needs to be in a position to grasp the environment where they're well and this familiarization can be done on the very first day the individual is admitted to the hospital. Firstly is to familiarize the individual with the hospital atmosphere. Elderly folks are a vulnerable population for many explanations. One of these places is on the border of modern Canada and the usa. The socialization of community can alter the situation in country greatly and could change it economic or political position on the planet. The Lost Secret of Waterfalls Essay Topics This paragraph is quite important as it leaves the reader having the most immediate impression. It is undoubtedly the very best list you'll locate online both in regard to quantity and quality. Waterfalls Essay Topics - Dead or Alive? To begin with, determine if working from a height is totally necessary or if there's another means to do the task safely. Because unanticipated falls by nature can't be prevented, the aim is to make an environment that would decrease injury, should a fall occur. Any one of these things are able to make a fall more likely. One of the greatest methods to change anybody's mind is with an emotional investment. A fall may change your life. It can end in death or dis ability in a split second, but with a few simple precautions, you'll be sure stay safe at at work. What is Actually Happening with Waterfalls Essay Topics Finding the most suitable arguments will allow you to prove your point and win. This program is also very helpful for SEO content writers who wants to generate unique articles for their site. On the other hand, the initial six topics are incredibly broad with lots of flexibility, so make certain your topic really can't be identified with one of them. It may be an intellectual challenge, a research query, an ethical dilemma--anything that's of personal significance, regardless of the scale. Many people think that sustainable tourism (or ecotourism) shouldn't be advertised because it's only a marketing ploy. Nonetheless, this is a component that could be impacted by intervention. I disagree with this opinion and I don't think that it's a marketing ploy. The universal fall prevention strategy has many strategies that ought t o be taken into account. The more research you can do in order to secure better at your upcoming profession, the better. What to Do About Waterfalls Essay Topics Before It Is Too Late To write an excellent argumentative essay the students first must investigate several sides of the argument, which permits them to make an educated stance. You might consider history for a branch of study that falls away from the realm of social studies. Top ten communication styles that could work nicely for you 28. 1 That is the reason why I think that people don't wish to locate the definition of a few important facets and they don't understand its advantages or disadvantages. Today, everything goes on the grounds of new methods of communication. A river sometimes flows over a huge step in the rocks that might have been formed by means of a fault line. Besides gradual processes like erosion, earth movement due to earthquakes or landslides or volcanoes can lead to a differential in land heig hts which interfere with the pure path of a water flow, and lead to waterfalls. Waterfalls are normally formed in the top path of a river in steep mountains.

Catholic Liturgy free essay sample

It belongs to the Baptized. Therefore, as worship that includes sacrifice, the liturgy is necessarily a priestly act. As such, it is an exercise of both the baptismal priesthood and the ministerial priesthood – it always involves â€Å"spiritual sacrifice. †Ã‚   Next, within worship it necessary to have signs that signify what they effect – that is, the sanctification of man. The liturgy always involves these sensible realities that represent and effect something else. This means that within the context of liturgy those signs that are used must signify what they effect: i. . the bread and wine signifying and becoming the nourishing and enriching body and blood of Christ. There should be no superfluous signs in the liturgy (i. e. liturgical ministers dressed up as clowns). In this way then, the participants are living sacraments in themselves because they are representing the Bride of Christ offered up to the bridegroom for the salvation of souls. We will write a custom essay sample on Catholic Liturgy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Third, it must be remembered that liturgy is something that is constantly going on in heaven. It is something, here on earth, that is entered into. The assembly gathered does not â€Å"start† liturgy properly speaking, rather they enter into and go forth from (exitus et reditus). Lastly, the liturgy belongs to the baptized as they alone belong to the priesthood of Jesus Christ. It is only those who have been made priests through the waters of Baptism that are in fact in common union with the Church as She exists throughout all time. The liturgy as an act of public worship is the passing over of all that God revealed about Salvation. It is that which fulfills the Old Testament worship. It always has to do with an action that is salvific. The liturgy, as an effect, brings the people together in order to praise God, enables them to participate in â€Å"the sacrifice†, and eat the Lord’s Supper. The Liturgy is always bringing humanity and all creation back into Christ. gt;gt;I hope you enjoyed this quick reflection on the Liturgy. Please feel free to share your comments below. It is my hope and prayer that this site will become a forum of discussion about how we as Catholics can rediscover the nature and beauty of worship amp; liturgy. lt;lt;

Painting styles free essay sample

Neoclassicism, Impressionism and Abstract Expression all have their own style. Each is from a different era and reflect on different subjects. Neoclassicism was part of the European art movement during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The inspiration for this movement comes from thr classical art and culture of ancient Greece or ancient Rome. Neoclassic Artwork is very unemotional. In this type of artwork, artists or painters used very sombre or dull colors. Often artists that painted in the Neoclassical style painted historical figures or people in classic history. Artwork of this style was very detailed and defined as well as accurate to the era they were representing. Neoclassical Art is very personal and honorable. All of this is reflected brilliantly in the piece â€Å"The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries† by Jaques Louis David. The attention to detail in this painting really brings it to life and makes those viewing it feel as if they are looking at Napoleon in person. We will write a custom essay sample on Painting styles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Impressionism Art, unlike Neoclassical Art, is an art movement that reflected on the everyday life of an average person. Outdoor scenes of people doing normal things like shopping or playing in the park or having a picnic or party. For example, the piece of artwork by Pierre Aguste Renoir called â€Å"The Luncheon of the Boating Party† is a painting of just that. People having lunch together and conversing with each other. Impressionism started in the late 1860s and early 1870s in Paris. Artists that paint in this particular style tend to use loose rapid brushstrokes. Artists used natural colors to give a feeling of reality and make the painting more lifelike and real. I particularly enjoy pieces done in the Impressionism style because they are warm and delightful to look at. Neoclassical artwork on the other hand is very plain and drab and although the attention to detail make these type of paintings very realistic they dont give off a warm cozy feeling. Abstract Expressionism is the most emotional style of the three styles discussed in this summary. Artists like Jackson Pollack who painted in this particular style used color, movement and gesture to reveal their personal feelings about their artwork. This is not the case with both Expressionism and Neoclassicism Art styles. The movement of Abstract Expressionism was established in America during the 1940s thru 1960. It was an art movement that expressed anarchy and freedom. Paintings in this style usually had colors that poured or dripped onto canvas to show emotion. Abstract Expressionist artists painted with true emotion and intensity for what they believed in and what they were painting about. This is demonstrated beautifully in Jackson Pollacks painting Autumn Rhythm. The use of color and tones are perfect for expressing the season of autumn and the way the colors are dripping on the canvas are a perfect example of the style that is represented in Abstract Expressionism. Each of the three different painting styles have their own unique techniques and they all three have very distinctive characteristics. Each style represents a different era and each style is expressed with expertise by those artists who choose to paint in that particular style. It is interesting to know and see how many different styles of painting there actually are in art and its also very interesting to know that each style represents so many different cultures.

Moon Palace essays

Moon Palace essays The central character in Moon Palace Marco Stanley Fogg lost his mother, when he was only a boy and he never had a father so he was raised by his uncle Victor, who also had a very positive influence on him. Marco lost his uncle, while he still were attending college and Marco changed into a careless person after his vital loss, actually the situation of his loneliness had caused a mental transformation which ended with Marco loosing his apartment. After his eviction he lived on the streets for several months and he became totally isolated from society. Marco was selling books, which he inherited from his uncle to finance his living and he was rescued from the streets by his old friend Zimmer from his university days and a young Chinese woman named Kitty Wu. After living with Zimmer, Marco gradually recovered and when he became lovers with Kitty Wu he started to see a purpose with life. Marco eventually managed to find a job as the person in charge for the blind and paralysed Thomas Effing and his main job was to write the story of Mr Effings life. Effing wanted Marco to write his obituary for him, so he began telling Marco all about his life and with these stories he relived that he was a famous painter named Julian Barker. Shortly after the completion of his obituary, Mr Effing died May 12th as he had predicted himself and Marco found Mr Effing son Solomon Barber to hand the notes over to him. Marco also found out after meeting Solomon that he was his father and Effing was his grandfather. When they went to visit Marcoss mother Emilys and his Uncle Victors graves in Chicago, Solomon accidentally fell into an open grave and broke his back. Two month after he died and Marco started walking west after getting his inherited money stolen. The moon has an important role in the book, because it is following the characters in the story. The symbol of the moon is the factor that leads the ...

Whats the Difference Subsidized vs Unsubsidized Loans

What's the Difference Subsidized vs Unsubsidized Loans SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If there's a gap between what you actuallyhave to pay for college and your school's price tag, you might be considering taking out student loans. What you might not know is that there are different types of student loans, with different terms and restrictions. First, we'll cover the basics of what it means to take on student debt. Then, we'll walk you through the differences between two major federal loan types: Direct Subsidized and Direct Unsubsidized. If you want a quick overview, just jump to the end of the article for a side-by-side comparison! First of All, What Does It Mean to Take Out a Loan? It's not uncommon for there to be a gap between what students can afford, and what college actually costs. This is where student loans come in: you can borrow money to pay for school, with the understanding that you'll pay it back (in addition to a bit extra) after you graduate. The amount of money that you actually borrow is called the principal, whereas the "extra" amount is called interest. A Little More About Interest Interest rates are always set as a percentage, so when you pay back your loan (principal + interest), you're paying back what you borrowed plus a percentage of what you borrowed. Lower interest rates = better loans, because the percentage of "extra" money you have to pay back is smaller. Here's a very simple example to demonstrate what I mean: If I borrow $100 with an annual interest rate of 10%, and I want to pay off the principal + interest in full one year later, I would owe $110 ($100 principal + 10% of $100 = $110). If I had an interest rate of 1%, though, I would only owe $101. Student loans work in the same way, although students usually borrow a bit more than $100. The amount of money you actually end up paying back depends of course on your loan principal and interest rate, but also on how often your interest capitalizes. Capitalization is when accrued (accumulated) interest is added to your principal, so you would pay interest on your original principal + capitalized interest. Bigger principal = more interest, so the less often your interest capitalizes, the better. The amount of money you end up paying back in interest also depends on how long it takes you to pay off your loan. You usually don't pay off your loan at once; you make monthly payments on interest + part of your principle. Many student loans set monthly payments that assume you will pay off your loan in 120 months, but you are free to make more than the minimum payments.The longer it takes you to pay your loan, the more interest accrues. All loans charge interest, but some lenders offer better interest rates than others. The federal government tends to offer comparatively low interest rates to student borrowers; in the rest of this post, I'll be discussing the two major types of federal student loans. The lower your interest rates, the less you'll owe in the long run. Direct Subsidized Loans Direct Subsidized loans are meant to help eligible students pay for the cost of highereducation. The thing that's most unique about Direct Subsidized loans is that the U.S. Department of Education pays the interest on your student loans during certain periods. When your interest is being paid, it can't accrue or capitalize, so your principal doesn't grow (this is a good thing)! If you have a Direct Subsidized loan, you won't accrue any interest during the following periods: when you're in school at least half-time for the first 6 months after you leave school (this is called agrace period) during a period of deferment (a postponing of loan payments) You can apply for a Direct Unsubsidized loan by submitting a Free Application for Federal Student Aid, or FAFSA. Eligibility Limits First, because Direct Unsubsidized loans are forms of federal student aid, you must meet all federal student aid requirements to be considered eligible. You can get more information about these requirements here. Direct Subsidized loans are only available to undergraduate students with financial need. Your school ultimately decides how much you can borrow; the amount cannot exceed what they determine to be your financial need. There is a maximum eligibility window for you to receive Direct Subsidized loans, equivalent to 150% of your program length. For example, if you're enrolled in a 4-year college, you can only receive subsidized loans for 4*150% = 6 years. If you're enrolled in a 2-year college, your limit would be 2*150% = 3 years. Finally, there's a limit to how much you can borrow in Direct Subsidized loans - this amount depends on your year in school. The following chart outlines the annual limits and the lifetime max for Direct Subsidized loans. Year Subsidized Loan Limit 1st Year Undergrad Annual Limit $3,500 2nd Year Undergrad Annual Limit $4,500 3rd Year Undergrad Beyond Annual Limit $5,500 Subsidized Total Loan Lifetime Max $23,000 Direct Unsubsidized Loans Direct Unsubsidized loans are similar to Direct Subsidized loans in that they're meant to help students pay for the cost of higher education. Unlike Direct Subsidized loans, interest starts accruing as soon as the loan is disbursed (paid out). You do not have to make payments while you're in school, or during a grace or deferment period. You can apply for a Direct Unsubsidized loan by submitting a FAFSA. Eligibility Limits Direct Unsubsidized loans are a bit more flexible than Direct Subsidized loans. You still must meet all federal student aid requirements to be eligible, but these loans are available to both undergraduates and graduates. Additionally, you're not required to demonstrate financial need in order to get an unsubsidized loan. Ultimately, your school will determine how much you can borrow depending on your cost of attendance and the rest of your financial aid package. For example, if your cost of attendance is covered by grants, scholarships, and Direct Subsidized loans, you may not be able to take out a Direct Unsubsidized loan. Unlike Direct Subsidized loans, there is no maximum eligibility window or period. There is a maximum borrowing amount, which depends on your year in school. All the maximums below also include any federal subsidized loan amounts (for example, if you're a dependent student who receives $1,000 in Direct Subsidized loans your freshman year, you could take out a max of $4,500 in Direct Unsubsidized loans): Year Dependent Students Independent Students 1st Year Undergrad Annual Limit $5,500 $9,500 2nd Year Undergrad Annual Limit $6,500 $10,500 3rd Year Undergrad Beyond Annual Limit $7,500 $12,500 Graduate/Professional Student Annual Limit Not applicable $20,500 Subsidized Total Loan Lifetime Max $31,000 $57,500 for undergrads $138,500 for grad/professional students (includes any federal loans received for undergrad study) Loan Interest Rates Fees I've discussed how important interest rates are when you're considering taking out student loans. When you take out loans from a private lender (from a bank, from example), interest rates may vary based on credit history. Federal student loan rates for Direct Subsidized and Unsubsidized loans are standardized, and are typically pretty low; this means that interest rates are the same for all students, regardless of personal or parental credit history. This chart shows interest rates based on loan type and borrower type for loans disbursed (paid out) before 7/1/2016: Loan Type Borrower Type Interest Rate Direct Subsidized Undergraduate 4.29% Direct Unsubsidized Undergraduate 4.29% Direct Unsubsidized Graduate/Professional 5.84% We've already talked a bit about how interest is sort of like a charge that you pay in return for being able to borrow a principle. Unfortunately, there's another fee that you're charged when you take out a subsudized or unsubsidized loan. This fee isn't interest, so it doesn't accumulate; instead, a percentage is deducted from the amount you borrowed automatically when the loan is disbursed. You're responsible for paying back the entire amount that you borrowed, and not just the amount you received after the fee is deducted. The following chart outlines loan fee percentages by disbursement date - the fees are the same for subsidized and unsubsidized loans: First Disbursement Date Loan Fee On or after 10/1/14 and before 10/1/15 1.073% On or after 10/1/15 and before 10/1/16 1.068% A Real You've just been presented with a lot of information about the differences and similarities between subsidized and unsubsidized loans. I've come up with an example based on typical student debt amounts so that you can see different financial outcomes based on subsidized vs. unsubsidized loans. The average student has about $26,000-$29,000 in federal student debt at graduation from a 4-year college (students who have graduated from private schools tend to be at the higher end of that range, whereas students from public schools tend to be at the lower end). That comes out to about $7,000 in loans per year. For the sake of this example, let's say I take out the maximum amount in subsidized loans my freshman year ($3,500), and take out another $3,500 in unsubsidized loans for a total of $7,000.Interest will accrue while I'm in school on my unsubsidized loan, so my balance due at graduation will differ significantly based on loan type, even though the original principals were the same. I would end up paying about $900 more on my unsubsidized loan than on my subsidized loan. UNSUBSIDIZED SUBSIDIZED Amount Borrowed $3,500 $3,500 Interest Rate 4.29% 4.29% Interest Accrued During School (4 years) $640 $0 Balance Owed at Graduation $4,140 $3,500 Time to Payoff at $50/month (Interest accrues for both subsidized and unsubsidized loans during this period) 99 months 81 months Total Amount Paid $4,950 $4,050 Usually, standard loan repayment happens over 120 months, not 99 or 81. Minimum monthly payments for these loans are $50, though, which is why the repayment periods are a bit shorter here. Most students who take out federal loans have some combination of subsidized and unsubsidized. The average 4-year college graduate will have monthly student loan payments of about $275 on the standard 10-year repayment plan, and will ultimately pay back $32,600 in principal + interest. Side-by-Side Comparison We've gotten into all the nitty-gritty details, but here I've put everything together in an at-a-glance reference. If you're looking for distilled information on the differences between Direct Subsidized and Direct Unsubsidized loans, this is the section for you. For any points of clarification, just refer back to the corresponding sections earlier in the post. DIRECT SUBSIDIZED LOAN DIRECT UNSUBSIDIZEDLOAN Lender Federal government Federal government Interest accrual during school, grace period, deferment period NO YES Eligibility Undergraduate only Undergraduate graduate/professional Must demonstrate financial need? YES NO Maximum eligibility window YES (150% length of program) NO Maximum award amount YES (see chart above) YES (see chart above) Interest Rate (7/1/15-7/1/16) 4.29% 4.29% undergraduate 5.84% graduate/professional Loan Fee 1.073% 10/1/14-9/30/15 1.068% 10/1/15-9/30/16 1.073% 10/1/14-9/30/15 1.068% 10/1/15-9/30/16 Application FAFSA FAFSA What's Next? Loans aren't the only type of federal financial aid. Want to learn about money that you don't have to pay back? Check out our guide on how to get a Pell Grant. Before you apply, learn more about Pell Grant eligibility requirements, limits, and application instructions. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Analyzing a news article from a geographical perspective on Latin Research Paper

Analyzing a news article from a geographical perspective on Latin america using geography journals - Research Paper Example The politics of the location and the place are addressed in the political geography of the social movements. The widespread insensitivity to the push by the social movements in these nations and the outright downplaying of the quest for recognition and respect is also made mention of. This is an idea I am going to apply in analyzing a journalism article. The journalism article in focus is â€Å"The Racism and Racial Divides in Venezuela† by Gregory Wilpert. This article addresses issues of political geography in an evidently racist Venezuela. This paper analyses and reports on how the author of the political geography article would respond to the journalism article. In the journalism article, there are a great deal of issues on international order and the perceptions that are largely accepted and internalized by certain sections of the world’s population. Key among these and widely explored in the journal article is the concern for racism in the world in general and in Venezuela in particular. As reported in the journalism article, it is evident that the mindset of most of the Venezuelans, humans from different geographical locations of the world are and will never be equal. On the face of it, Venezuelans would say that there is no racism in the country, but the opposite proves true. They would say that it does not matter whether one is dark, brown or white since they all consider themselves to be â€Å"Mestizo† or â€Å"brown† (Wilpert 2). The journal article gives an account of how the opposite of this statement is proven during the visit by the Trans Africa Forum to the nation of Venezuela. This position of reality of racism in Venezuela was made clear by the very delegation in their final press conference in the country. The delegation mentioned the Venezuelan news commentators who referred to their trip as a ‘burned’ tour. This statement was

Conformity and Obedience Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Conformity and Obedience - Assignment Example administering the drug, the nurse would have broken health care rules such as; accepting the instructions through phone which is not allowed, administering double of the maximum limit of the drug. Despite the fact that the nurse understands the dose that is supposed to be administered to the patient, the nurse changed in order to respond to the request or rather order from the doctor. Obedient in nursing practice should not be blind obedient but rather a professional interaction between a nurse and a doctor (Quinn, 1998). The responsibilities in health care settings are channelled as well as enforced, whereby some people such as physicians have power over others. In regards to this, the nurses in health care settings have to perform the activities since it comes from an authority figure. The nurse has to comply with the given orders from the physician. In this case, nurses are regarded as the helpmeets of physicians whereby they should not be the arrogant equal of men. Therefore, the nurse complies with physicians’ instruction since they get orders from them, despite breaking the rules of the hospital and risking the health and well being of the

Understanding the Societal Response to Homosexuality Essay Example for Free

Understanding the Societal Response to Homosexuality Essay â€Å"They gave me a reward when I killed two men and gave me a suspension when I loved one†. These are the words of Leonard Matlovich (1943-1988) who was a Vietnam War veteran and one of the best known gay men in America in the 1970s. A journey through the history makes it clear that Homosexuality has always been an issue which has had the highest amount of discussions, disagreements and clashes over the time in every culture and society. It always generates interest people, who are seeking a better understanding of the deferent cultural values and social behaviors in various times of the history, to know why different societies in different times of the history reacted to different sexual activities in typical ways. This study would comprehensively look into the facts that might have affected the societies in understanding and accepting the homosexual behavior within the communities. What were the social, economical, ecological and political dynamics that drove the societies to respond to homosexuality in a rather hostile way? Ancient concepts  The ancient times that had smaller kingdoms and more of the cult practices gave way to larger empires and syncretism of different monotheistic religions spreading new outlook on man having sex with man. This transformation process was in fact differed in various parts of the world. Till the advent of asceticism, which was against all forms of sexual pleasures, homosexuality was accepted broadly as rather positive human sexual activity except in the pharaonic Egypt (Greenburg 1988). This exception itself is an evidence of the changing values in a society under an organized administrative and religious concept. The vast empires meant long distance trade and imperial expansion which in turn helped the followers of different cult religions in contact with one another causing the diffusion of religious practices that involved homosexuality (Greenburg 1988). In that context there prevailed an atmosphere conducive for a monotheistic religion which uprooted the polytheism which to a great extend accepted the sexual magic of homosexuality (Greenburg 1988). The changing economical, political and national scenario had caused people to look more seriously into competitive survival accomplishments than bodily pleasures and desires. The gap between rich and the have-nots increased due to the changing business opportunities and slave trade (Greenburg 1988). Thus the poor men who had to devote their life more into physical labor and combat for the rich to maintain their life style became critical of the rich men who devote their body and life to seeking pleasure from hedonistic pleasure. Moreover, the politics in the larger kingdoms were not mainly in the hands of the public, which kept the common man aloof from the public affaires. This helplessness in fact ended up resulting in a repudiation of desires and pleasures(Greenburg 1988). The small societies were, further, shaken by the conquest happened during the expansion of empires. The troubled social and political situations due to wars have left the people without any sense of security Davis 1982). The implications of these aspects can be further discussed when looking at different communities in detail. Various Outlooks of Various Communities In many ways the connotation of homosexual behavior for Greeks is slipping between the effeminate behavior and man’s tendency to have sex with another man (Greenburg 1988). One of the Plato’s observations goes as ‘an older lover will plainly court a beloved who is effeminate. There is also a mention of an Egyptian letter dating back to 145 BC which ‘Malakos’ almost certainly refers to male homosexuality. Where as Boswell (1980) had strongly stated that â€Å"malakos is never used in Greek to designate gay people as a group or even in reference to homosexual acts generically†. Dio Crisostom who was a Greek scholar in AD 115 mentioned that someone who loved learning might be called malakoteran (Davis 1982). These uncertain commends on homosexuality in the Greek community for a great extend reveal that though, homosexuality was not accepted among Greeks, it was not abominated. It could be because the Greeks had a strong and unthreatened sense of cultural superiority. But they lacked altogether the Jewish sense of being a holy people set apart by God (Davis 1982). The Greek never believed that the divine power had reviled to man kind a code of laws for the regulation of sexual behavior. Hebrews always upheld the biblical prohibition of male prostitution as the weapon against homosexuality. A few passages in the Leviticus seem to prohibit male homosexuality precisely. They are Levi. 8:22 â€Å"Thou shalt not lie with mankind as with womankind; it is abomination† and Levi. 0:13 â€Å"If a man lies with mankind as with woman kind both of them have committed an abomination: they shall surly be put to death; their blood shall be upon them†. At this point it looks like the homosexuality of man is the only thing to abominate, it may not be so but the lesbianism at this stage might have been more of a personal issue handled by the elder male members of the family than a public issue handled by the authorities (Davis 1982). However’ Later on lesbianism became more of a public issue when the early church took to counter it. St. Paul has clearly mentioned it and strongly condemned it when he said Rom. : 26-27 that their women have exchanged natural intercourse for unnatural relationships with women burn with lust for one another. The hostility towards homosexuality as a prohibited sexual behavior is accounted to be much ferocious in Christian community in many times of the history (Davis 1982). At this juncture, such sexual variation is found to be breaking the boundaries of natural intercourse and thus tend to become the special subject of persecution (Boswell 1980). This strong hostility of Christians towards such sexual variation is to be understood in terms of the Latin Christians who ruled the crusader kingdom of Jerusalem. They were group in exile and fighting against formidable Muslims to protect the farthest strong hold of Christendom. They lost Jerusalem finally in the 1187, and their leaders fought their heart out, to prevent the secular leaders from making a pact with the Muslims, only to maintain the Latin Christians discriminating and rigid monopoly. Under the influence of the Latin Church the Frankish Knights and warriors who controlled the kingdom of Jerusalem strangely apart from their Muslim subjects. Thus the normally open knight’s community kept themselves aloof and the sexual variation which was perceived as a transgression was severely suppressed (Davis 1982). The Modern Outlook In the heartland of Christian Europe hostility towards homosexuality became marked only toward the end of the 12th century. The emphasize n the clear definition and rigorous defense of religious and legal boundaries inevitably led to the increased intolerance of forms of sexual behavior involving a breakdown of the boundaries between natural categories(Davis 1982). owever, the leaders of religious and military organizations would consider the maintenance of their status depends heavily on strict boundaries between the insiders and outsiders. If the insiders are male alone, then, the boundaries between them. The maintenance of strict boundaries between the different levels of a military or ecclesiastical hierarchy requires that people of different levels would not have sexual relations (Ruben 198 4). In all the male organizations it would mean prohibiting homosexuality. To wrap up, now such time has come, when the humanity realized that sexuality should be treated with special respect (Ruben 1984). 1873 has seen the first federal anti obscenity law was being passed in the United States. From the late 1940s to 1960s the homosexuals were targeted and persecuted severely in America. In the late 60s, the extreme right came out accusing Sex Information and Education Council of the United States as a communist plot that destroys the family values and eventually killing the patriotism in the coming generation (Ruben 1984). The recent past have seen AIDS being considers as a homosexual disease even in the United States. It was a fact that the gay community had to deal with misfortune of being known as community in which a deadly disease spread out and became visible. One must look back into the history of epidemic and their victims in the beginning, before one begins to think about an anti-gay initiative on the basis of Aids (Ruben 1984).

The Long Hard Road Out of Hell - Marilyn Manson :: autobiography autobiographies

The Long Hard Road out of Hell is an autobiography that allows us to temporarily enter the frontal lobe of the creative persona known as Marilyn Manson. Following the childish antics of the once innocent Brian Warner, the book gives us insight to the creation of the Pseudo Satanist, "Antichrist Superstar" we all know as Marilyn Manson. The grotesque life of Brian Warner is both disturbing and fascinating. From the moment I turned the first page, I was hooked. The book is well written, repulsive, perverse, demented, sexual, sleazy, violent, captivating and uncommonly addictive. The tragic tale of a rock star, lots of sex, drugs, and mental decay. Each new page holds a series of deep and dark secrets which ironically, is what makes the book so appealing to all of your senses. ?What was happening to me now seemed to be some kind of perverse combination of both types of self destruction? is a good example of him overcoming a hardship in his own life. (Pg. 232) It refers to his battle with cocaine addiction. Four and a half months into the production of his first mainstream album Antichrist Superstar, all he had was a few unfinished songs, a sore nose, and a hospital bill. He then hit rock bottom and realized that he needed to get his life back on track, which started him quitting cocaine. He then overcame his cocaine addiction in only a matter of weeks. Some people reading this would take solace and find strength within his experience that could help them with their own inner struggles. For these reasons I would highly recommend this book to just about anyone over a certain age. There are many people who would find this book offending, but I feel that it is very well written and honest. The book?s intention is not malicious, it is not meant to offend anyone, and in parts can be very appealing to your intellect. Reading this book also opened my eyes to how media portrays celebrities, and how superficial the world we live in really is.

Comparing the treatment of outsiders Essay

   In The Outsiders, the book is constantly written in a first person perspective, where Ponyboy Curtis is telling the story. Unlike in Frankenstein, it is written in a far more informal manner and uses a lot of modern American slang. This because this book was written in the late 1960s whereas Frankenstein was written in the early 1800s. An example of the different styles of language from Frankenstein is, â€Å"I resolved to quit the place that I had hitherto inhabited†. A typical line from The Outsiders is, â€Å"Man, I though New York was the only place I could get mixed up in a murder rap†. This language is far more informal and ‘chatty’ compared to Frankenstein. Ponyboy Curtis reports first-hand experiences, and some times reports on events that occurred without him being there. In both books, the reader feels many emotions that the character is feeling. It is usually the outsider who is the victim of such bad emotions. In Frankenstein, I felt emotions for Frankenstein when he about to be married to his fianci e but the monster waits until Frankenstein is gone, and then the monster murders Frankenstein’s wife. At this moment, a lot of tension builds up as the wife begins to shriek and wail as she is being murdered. The monster runs away from the dead bride and Frankenstein returns to the room, finding her dead. Frankenstein immediately knew the monster has killed her. Another incident where the reader is meant to feel pity for Frankenstein is when he creates the monster and gives it life. When he created the monster he realised what a vile mutant he had created. When the monster was given life, he was treated very poorly by Frankenstein, which reflected on his future crimes. Frankenstein stated in the book how he felt about his creation by saying, â€Å"How can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe, or how delineate the wretch to whom with such infinitive pains and care I had endeavoured o form? † At this point, Frankenstein is almost feeling sorry for himself as he is so depressed about putting time and effort into a creation which took him two years to create, and it ended up as a catastrophe. There us also a scene of emotion aroused in The Outsiders. This emotion is aroused when Darry, the brother of Ponyboy and Soda Pop was shot after robbing a grocery store. Dally was so upset and depressed about the death of Johnny (a very good friend of Ponyboy) who had died from being burned and drastically injured from saving a group of small children who were on a filed trip to a church, which set alight because Ponyboy and Johnny didn’t put out one of their cigarettes properly. Dally was so depressed he went and robbed a grocery store, and shortly after the police were in point blank range with him and demanded for him to hand himself in to the police. He decided not to hand himself in and pulled out a gun that was not loaded, but the police did not realise this, and shot him, thinking he had a loaded gun. At this point, the reader’s emotions are aroused because a key character that the majority of the reader had probably started to ‘bond’ a relationship with had been shot and died shortly after. The main characters in both books are usually the victims of an unfortunate event. The main characters in Frankenstein were Frankenstein and the monster. These two characters played the largest role in the book as it mainly revolved around them. There were other sub-characters such as the captain and the wife of Frankenstein whose role became quite important in areas of the book. In The Outsiders there are quite a lot of characters in the book who all play quite a large role. The main character is Ponyboy, however the sub-characters are Soda Pop, Dally, Darry, Johnny and Cherry – these roles are not as important as Ponyboy however they do build a ground for the story line to run along. Also, most of these characters, except for Cherry are outsiders and are part of the greaser gang. Both books have a purpose for the reader to think about. In Frankenstein, Mary Shelley had written the novel to warn scientists about going too far with their projects and should never take their work as far as â€Å"playing God† as it most probably end up as a catastrophe. The key plot that links to two novels together is the fact that you should never judge people by appearance. Both plots focus on this social matter but have expanded on it and created a story that has a subtle background revolving around this matter. In Frankenstein the monster is rejected from society because of his appearance, he doesn’t look appealing so people immediately conclude that he is evil or means harm to them. This prejudice matter also is linked to The Outsiders. The greasers are a gang who are from the very poor side of town. Because they dress cheaply, most people immediately assume that they are hooligans and are going to harm them. This was not true as they were humans, like everyone else and never really intentionally meant harm, but the only reason they fought was because the Socials (the richer gang) started to intimidate them first. The obvious difference is that the language used in Frankenstein is far more complex because it was written so long ago. Frankenstein is aimed at an audience of greater intelligence, whereas The Outsiders uses a very laid-back language. The common usage of slang makes the book more authentic to the 1950s America, but is aimed at an audience of a lesser extent of knowledge. Personally, I found Frankenstein more interesting as it has a far more exciting story line than The Outsiders as it’s story line is far more ‘moving’ and the emotions expressed by the author affect the reader well, whereas in The Outsiders, I didn’t really find the story line all that compelling and thought that the American slang made it authentic but ran very thin and lost it’s originality after a short period. I felt that both books had a fair amount of originality, but Frankenstein’s originality was far greater than The Outsiders. I would only criticize Frankenstein because some of the language used was a little too complex for me. The Outsiders provided simple, ‘easy-to-understand’ language, which allowed the reader to comprehend the story. I thought that, despite the slightly difficult language used in Frankenstein, I believe that Frankenstein had a far greater ethical background which allowed the story to have several ethical meanings, as well as the good story line surrounding the messages.

Multi agency teams work Essay

Multi-agency teams work together by bringing practitioners from all different sectors and professions within childcare to provide effective and in depth way of working to support children and young people. This includes support of that child or young person’s family. Multi-agency teams work together to ensure the children and young people that require additional support have exactly the right professionals around them to achieve their maximum potential. Assessment may include: ââ€" ªParents and family ââ€" ªPediatrician ââ€" ªEducational Psychologist ââ€" ªSpecialist Teachers for Learning Support, Hearing, Vision, Sensory Impairment, Autism/Complex Communication Difficulties ââ€" ªClinical Psychologist ââ€" ªSpeech and Language Therapist ââ€" ªPhysiotherapist ââ€" ªOccupational Therapist. In addition to parents, one or more of these people may be involved, helping to gain an understanding of children’s communication strengths and needs, and how speech and language can be developed. They can also provide information, advice, guidance and training. If a child needs support from a speech therapist, a social worker, teacher and health worker, then a team of those professionals will be set up, but with the consent of the child, young person and family. Support may include: ââ€" ªSpeech and language therapist ââ€" ªEducational psychologist ââ€" ªPhysiotherapist ââ€" ªOccupational therapist ââ€" ªHealth visitor ââ€" ªSpecialist teachers for Learning Support, Hearing, Vision, Sensory Impairment and Complex communication/Autism These people with specialist knowledge and skills support the people in daily contact with the child. They try to remove barriers to achievement, agree strategies, provide training and identify, and sometimes provide, resources By working together, the team will enable children to make maximum progress and improve the quality and ease of their lives. The members of these teams will share information and support each another so that the child / young person’s needs are met as efficiently and effectively as possible. There are some circumstances where multi-agency teams work together literally in one place. There are other examples where teams may operate virtually- via email/ web cam. The role of a practitioner requires them to meet regularly to discuss the needs of the child or young person in question. This is so they can plan and carry out coordinated, targeted interventions. Development may include: ââ€" ªParents and family ââ€" ªChild minder ââ€" ªEarly Years setting staff such as playgroup leaders, nursery nurses and play/nursery assistants ââ€" ªSchool staff such as teachers, teaching assistants and lunchtime supervisors ââ€" ªConnexions staff ââ€" ªBefore & after school care. These people listed above are the people who come into contact with the child in question every day. They apply their training and knowledge to the situation and know how to be good communication partners, and how to provide a good communication environment. They are the ones actively developing the child’s speech and language. They can share ideas about what does and what does not work for individual children. References Worcestershire County Council and Worcestershire. (2011). Effective multi-agency working and collaboration. Available: http://www.worcestershire.gov.uk/cms/speech-language-communication/targeted-s pecialist-provision/effective-multi-agency-working.aspx. Last accessed 18/9/14.

Security cameras Essays - Surveillance, Video Surveillance

Security cameras Essays - Surveillance, Video Surveillance Thesis: Security cameras are one of the most reliable sources of evidence. The only privacy violation that could occour would make the person controlling the camera footage liable. I. Why Security Cameras are not a security violation? Valid evidence when in court of law People feel monitored so they watch thier actions preventing them from making bad decisions Owners of the cameras can monitor what people are doing which can show them flaws in the building II. How to prevent Security issues on Security Cameras Have a background check on anyone using them Make sure they have no criminal record Don't put security cameras in places like locker rooms and bathrooms III. Who Qualfies to run a Camera No criminal record Trustworthy Trusted enough not to leak footage or use the footage wrongly. Introduction: Many invividuals believe that security cameras can cause privacy issues, however I believe that it is not the camera that causes issues and that it is the man behind them that does. Security cameras are one of the most realiable sources of evidence. The only privacy violation that could occur would make the person controlling the camera footage liable. In my opinion, more good than bad comes from security cameras. Conclusion: Based on teh explaniations I have given above, I believe that security cameras do not give privacy issues but instead are beneficial to building owners with them installed.

Fake FBI Warning Email Scam

Fake FBI Warning Email Scam Beware of messages purporting to originate from the FBI (or CIA) accusing you of visiting illegal websites. These emails are unauthorized and arrive with an attachment containing the Sober virus. This virus-bearing email with a malicious file attached has been circulating since February 2005. Make sure your antivirus software is up to date and your computer is scanned regularly. Another variant of the message comprises the users computer with a virus that can install itself when clicking on a compromised website. A window pops up indicating that the user’s Internet address was identified by the FBI or the Department of Justice’s Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section as associated with child pornography sites. To unlock their computer, users are informed they have to pay a fine using a service for prepaid money cards. How to Handle a Fake FBI Email If you receive a message like this, dont panic - but do delete it without clicking on any links or opening any attached files. Attachments to these emails contain a worm called Sober-K (or a variant thereof). Though these messages and others similar to them purport to come from the FBI or CIA and may even show return addresses like policefbi.gov or postcia.gov, they were not authorized or sent by any U.S. government agency. FBI Statement on the Message Containing a Virus FBI ALERTS PUBLIC TO RECENT E-MAIL SCHEMEEmails purporting to come from FBI are phonyWashington, D.C. - The FBI today warned the public to avoid falling victim to an ongoing mass email scheme wherein computer users receive unsolicited emails purportedly sent by the FBI. These scam emails tell the recipients that their Internet use has been monitored by the FBIs Internet Fraud Complaint Center and that they have accessed illegal web sites. The emails then direct recipients to open an attachment and answer questions. The attachments contain a computer virus.These emails did not come from the FBI. Recipients of this or similar solicitations should know that the FBI does not engage in the practice of sending unsolicited emails to the public in this manner.Opening email attachments from an unknown sender is a risky and dangerous endeavor as such attachments frequently contain viruses that can infect the recipients computer. The FBI strongly encourages computer users not to open such attac hments. Sample Fake FBI Email Heres email text contributed by A. Edwards on Feb. 22, 2005: Dear Sir/Madam,We have logged your IP-address on more than 40 illegal Websites.Important: Please answer our questions! The list of questions are attached.Yours faithfully,M. John StellfordFederal Bureau of Investigation -FBI-935 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Room 2130Washington, DC 20535(202) 324-3000 Sample Fake CIA Email Heres email text contributed anonymously on Nov. 21, 2005: Dear Sir/Madam,We have logged your IP-address on more than 30 illegal Websites.Important:Please answer our questions! The list of questions are attached.Yours faithfully,Steven AllisonCentral Intelligence Agency -CIA-Office of Public AffairsWashington, D.C. 20505phone: (703) 482-06237:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., US Eastern time Sources and further reading: FBI Alerts Public to Email ScamFBI press release, February 22, 2005

Scientific Management Matrix Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Scientific Management Matrix - Assignment Example Scientific management actually allowed the managers to view the work in more rational manner and ensured that work is completed in professional manner. Scientific management is relevant to today’s managers because it can allow them to plan their activities in advance and apply more efficient methods to accomplish the tasks. I believe that scientific management was the beginning of a completely new era in the field of management. The current stream of knowledge on modern management basically evolved from scientific management and earlier theorists such as Frederick Taylor contributed greatly towards the development of this discipline. Scientific Management will influence the way I consider the work and its accomplishment. This means that integration of scientific management into my personal management framework will allow me to actually see how management actually evolved and what were the key weaknesses of scientific management which I as a manager must consider in order to successfully implement them into real world

Dental statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Dental statistics - Essay Example In other words, the given mean is calculated from the whole population and the other one is from a sample. Yes, increase in sample size will affect the mean value and it will produce a different result from the result which is calculated from sample size of 30 20-year-old dental students. In fact more accurate results can be obtained by increasing the sample size because more cases are under consideration by increasing sample size. Changes in sample size produce different result because frequencies corresponding to different values of variable (missing teeth) change by changing the sample size. For example if we consider a sample of 35 20-year-old dental students and their frequency distribution is given as; So, it is clear from the above example, if we change the sample size the value of mean also changes. The mean value of sample of 35 is more accurate than the mean value of sample size of 30. Similarly, the standard deviation of later is also less which means that the value of variable in the data of large size is cluster near the sample mean. A survey was conducted to determine the number of decayed, missing and filled teeth of 20 year old dental students in a particularly country. It was not possible to check out all the 20 year old dental students of a country therefore, a group of 30 students of age 20 years was taken from the population and observed. It was observed that the student took number of missing teeth from 0 to 12. The mean value calculated from the observed values is 5.967; it means that most of the students in the sample have 6 decayed, missing and filled teeth. With the help of mean and frequencies standard deviation has also been calculated which gives an idea of dispersion of number of missing teeth from 6. The standard deviation is 3.05 which reflect that there is less dispersion in the data. In other words, that number of missing teeth of students in the sample size of 30 has

Consider the Consequences of Reducing a Balance of Payments Deficit Essay

Consider the Consequences of Reducing a Balance of Payments Deficit - Essay Example So as the consequences are the results of relative actions/measures, it makes sense to review the measures of reducing the BOP deficit and consider the impact of each measure on economics. Definition of balance of payments and balance of payments deficit Pippenger (1973, p.6) defines balance of payments as a record of the value of all transactions between foreign and domestic residents over a certain period of time, usually one year; the balance of payments is based on the principle of double entry bookkeeping where the dollar value of every transaction is recorded as both a debit and a credit (Pippenger, 1973). Debit or minus entry in the balance of payments reflects the purchase or import of anything from a foreign partner, while a credit or plus item in the balance of payments reflects the sale or export of anything to a foreign partner (Pippenger, 1973). Applying double entry bookkeeping, the payments received for exports are recorded as debit and the payments made on imports are recorded as a credit (Pippenger, 1973). Balance of payments deficit is an imbalance in a nation’s balance of payments in which payments received by the country are less than the payments made by the country (Economic Glossary, n.d.). This term is also known as unfavorable balance of payments because less currency is flowing in to the country than is flowing out (Economic Glossary, n.d.). Thus, balance of payments deficit causes unequal flow of currency and results in reducing the supply of money in nation, imposing negative implications for unemployment, inflation, production, and other aspects of import-prevailing economy (Economic Glossary, n.d.). In order to minimize these implications it is necessary to understand better how balance of payments deficit can be reduced and what are the consequences of possible measures of reducing BOP? Measures of reducing BOP deficit and its consequences There exist different measures aimed at reducing balance of payments deficits; these measures are divided into two groups: automatic correction and deliberate correction of BOP disequilibrium. In this paper, we will review only deliberate measures as tools for reducing the deficit in BOP. Deliberate measures, broadly applied in different economics of the world, are differentiated by three main categories, including monetary measures, trade measures, and miscellaneous measures. Monetary measures – monetary contraction Monetary contraction or money supply allows a country to influence its level of aggregate domestic demand, demand for exports and imports, and price level of domestic production (Cherunilam, 2008). Contraction of money supply results is applied in order to reduce the purchasing power and consequently, aggregate demand of nation (Cherunilam, 2008). By adopting monetary contraction in the country, domestic output decreases, while domestic real interest increases. Increase of the rate of interest is caused in result of decrease in money supply (Dwiv edi, 2010). Increase in interest rate leads to reduction of domestic investment, and fall of investment leads to reduction of income levels of population (Dwivedi, 2010). Additionally, increase in the interest rate leads to the inflow of foreign capital, which reduces deficits in capital account of BOP (Dwivedi, 2010). In result, demand for imports is reduced because of the fall in domestic prices and domestic aggregate demand, while demand for

The Different Techniques A Translator Use English Language Essay

The Different Techniques A Translator Use English Language Essay The purpose of the following chapter is to provide a theoretical background to support the different techniques a translator use during the translation process. Moreover, it will develop information related to the text analysis, translation methods, and translation techniques. All this information will help the reader to have a better understanding about what has been established by the experts and how this can help translators to achieve a translated text that can be understood with accuracy and effectiveness. Moreover, this chapter will add the information related to the glossary creation and its relevance not only to the translator by itself but to the translation process as well, creating a big difference in the quality and consistency within and across the text, minimizing the amount of time spent on the research and correction of the terms and in along with making the text content understandable, so both the reader and the translator can be at the same basis in meaning and simultaneously reduce errors while understanding the texts. Finally, it will refer to the relationship between the theories explained and the research questions provided in Chapter 1. The intention of this final section is to explain how this information will be used to gather the required data and also to design the instruments for the data collection, which will be presented in Chapter 3. 2.1. Text analysis It is the process of decoding the text to be translated. According to Nord (2005 ) Most writers on translation theory agree that before embarking upon any translation the translator should analyse the text comprehensively, since this appears to be the only way of ensuring that the source text has been completely and correctly understood. This is mainly because every work is different and translators need to really grasp the intention of the author as well as the meaning of the text by itself so understanding the main point in the source piece would provide a natural and accurate translation. Newmark ´s (1988) discussion regarding the analysis of a text, mention that the purpose of reading the original, is first to understand what the text is about and second to analyze the text from a translator point of view, to determine a suitable translation method, so the intention of the text can be understood. Which is complete different from a linguists or literary critics, now that to translate it is necessary to determine the intention of the writer in order to identify the correct methods of translation. Furthermore, he mention important steps at the time of understanding the text; close and general reading are necessary to capture the essence of the text, familiarize and find additional facts. Moreover there is the close reading, where the translator need to analyses the text, required for words both in and out of context, everything that does not have a good sense needs to be looked up. Translation is compare to an iceberg, the translation is just the top, but the research and investigation of the translator is what holds the top, that can never been see. 2.1.1 Text Styles To translate a whole text accurately it requires consideration of its context and resulting features, such as style. Newark (1988) points out Nidas four types of literary or non-literary texts: a) Narrative: a dynamic sequence of events, where the emphasis is on the verbs or for English dummy or empty verbs plus verb-nouns or phrasal verbs (He made a sudden appearance, He burst in) b) Description: is static, with emphasis on linking verbs, adjectives, adjectival nouns. c) Discussion: a treatment of ideas, with emphasis on abstracts nouns (concepts), verbs of thought, mental activity (consider, argue, etc), logical argument and connectives. d) Dialogue: with emphasis on colloquialism and phaticisms. 2.1.2 Stylistic Scales The stylistic scale is one of the main aspects when translators analyze the text; this is because it helps the translator to identify the type of readers the text would be addressed to, as well as the vocabulary that would be needed in the translation. 2.1.2.1 Scale of formality Based on Newmark (1988) the following are examples of the scale of formality: Officialese The consumption of any nutriments whatsoever is categorically prohibited in this establishment. Official The consumption of nutriments is prohibited. Formal You are requested not to consume food in this establishment. Neutral Eating is not allowed here. Informal Please dont eat here Colloquial You cant feed your face here. Slang Lay off the nosh. Taboo Lay off the fucking nosh. 2.1.2.2 Scale of generality or difficulty Newmark (1988) also points out specific types in the scale of generality: Simple The floor of the sea is covered with rows of big mountains and deep pits. Popular The floor of the oceans is covered with rows of big mountains and deep pits. Neutral A graveyard of animal and plant remains lies buried in the earths crust. Educated The latest step in vertebrate evolution was the tool-making man. Technical Critical path analysis is an operational research technique used in management Opaquely technical (comprehensible only to an expert) Neuraminic acid in the form of its alkali-stable methoxy derivative was first isolated by Klenk from gangliosides. 2.2.3 Scale of Emotional tone Keeping on Newmark (1988) perspective, he defined three scales of emotional tone which are: Intense: (profuse use of intensifiers): absolutely wonderful, ideally dark bass, enormously successful, superbly controlled, gentle, soft, heart-warming melodies. Factual: (cool): Significant, exceptionally well judged, personable, presentable, considerable. Understandable: notà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦undignified (Understatement) On the other hand, Newmark (1988) also mentioned the importance of the attitude for evaluations and recommendation texts now that there is a thin line in the critical difference between positive or negative opinions for a translator, for this reason is necessary to establish the standards of the writer. In addition, the translator must be sure that the expressions are understood in the target text taking into consideration if they are positive, neutral, or negative. 2.1.3 Text function The text function provides to the reader the idea of what the text is about, and also what the author is trying to transmit them. For this reason it is very important for the translator to recognize as well the source text function to reproduce the same effect for the target readers. Newmark (1988) mentioned Buhler functional theory of language where three main functions of language are explained: expressive, the informative, and finally the vocative. 2.1.3.1 Informative The main factor of the informative function of language is the fact of the topic and the explanation of the author. As Newmark (1988) states the typical informative texts are about any topic of knowledge. He explained that the format of an informative text is standard such as: a textbook, a technical report, an article in a newspaper or a periodical, a scientific paper, a thesis, minutes or agenda of a meeting. It is important to leave the text naturally in order to understand the information, at the end, the objective of an informative text is to teach readers about a specific subject matter. He also mentions that informative text has 4 scales of language varieties: First, a formal, non-emotive, technical style for academic papers. This scale is characterized by passives, present and present perfect tenses, literal language, Latinized vocabulary, jargon, multi-noun compounds with empty verbs and no metaphors. Neutral or informal style with defined technical terms of textbooks characterized by first person plural, present tense, dynamic active verbs, and basic conceptual metaphors. An informal warm style for popular science or art books characterized by simple grammatical structures, a wide range of vocabulary to accommodate definitions and numerous illustrations, and stock metaphors and a simple vocabulary. And finally, a familiar, non-technical style for popular journalism, characterized by surprising metaphors, short sentences, Americanese, unconventional punctuation, adjectives before proper names and colloquialisms. 2.1.3.2 Expressive Newmark (1988) stated that expressive function is more related to the feelings of the author, the mind of the speaker and the writer. He categorized three different aspects of the expressive function: 1. Serious imaginative literature: Of the four principal types -lyrical poetry, short stories, novels, plays lyrical poetry is the most intimate expression, while plays are more evidently addressed to a large audience, which, in the translation, is entitled to some assistance with cultural expressions. 2. Authoritative statements: These are texts of any nature which derive their authority from the high status or the reliability and linguistic competence of their authors. Such texts have the personal stamp of their authors, although they are denotative, not connotative. Typical authoritative statements are political speeches, documents etc., by ministers or party leaders; statutes and legal documents; scientific, philosophical and academic works written by acknowledged authorities. 3. Autobiography, essays, personal correspondence: These are expressive when they are personal effusions, when the readers are a remote background Also, he recommends that the translator needs to make a distinction about the personal components of the texts, for example: collocations, originals metaphors, neologisms, and so on. 2.1.3.3 Vocative The vocative function is related to calling upon the reader to react of what was written. Based on Newmark (1988) the core of this function is the readership, and has been given lots of other names such as: conative (denoting effort), instrumental (instrumental), operating, and pragmatic (in the sense of used to produce a certain effect on the readership). Examples of a vocative function of language are notices, instructions, publicity, propaganda, persuasive writing where the main objective is to sell to entertain the addressee. In the vocative text the vital for the writer is the reader now that it target directly to the reader, the use of you is common to develop and influence in the person. Newmark mention to facts in vocative text there are also 2 vocative texts. First, the vocative text is the connection between the writer and reader using some forms, infinitives, imperatives, subjunctives, indicatives, impersonal, passives, and tags, all those examples playing a part in asymmetrical or symmetrical relationship. The second factor is that this source of text needs to be writing in the easy comprehensible form for the reader, the translator need to take in consideration the linguistic and cultural level of the reader. 2.1.4 Type of translation The application of the translation methods will transform the source text to an available target text for wider readers and make communication possible among the speakers of the different languages. Newmark (1988) mentioned that several scholars have been trying to identify what are the best translation methods, whether to translate literally or freely. No matter what techniques or methods are used, the translators job is to maintain a faithful target text. Even though, there are different translation methods, this chapter will develop only two of them: semantic translation and communicative translation. 2.1.4.1 Semantic translation According to Newmark (1988) semantic translation differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value (that is, the beautiful and natural sounds of the SL text, compromising on meaning where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version. Further, it may translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalents une nonne repassant un corporal may become a nun ironing a corporal cloth and it may make other small concessions to the readership. The distinction between faithful and semantic translation is that the first is uncompromising and dogmatic, while the second is more flexible, admits the creative exception to 100% fidelity and allows for the translators intuitive empathy with the original. 2.1.4.2 Communicative translation This method is use to render the exact contextual meaning of the source language to the target language is such form that both languages and content are acceptable and comprehensible to the reader. Newmark (1988) He comments about the last to methods (semantic and communicative), they fulfill the main aims of translation (accuracy and economy). In the cases of semantic translation the translator writes as the level of the author, but the communicative translation is base in the reader and his needs. Semantic in common use for expressive texts, in the case of communicative is usually use in informative and vocative texts. These 2 methods treat the following items similarity: stock and dead metaphors, normal collocations, technique terms, slang, colloquialism, standard notice, phaticisms, and ordinary language. 2.2 Translation techniques The translation process is not an easy task; however, translators can count with many types of techniques in order to provide a high quality final work. It is important to mention, that translators must ensure they managed the techniques in a proper way, so the meaning of the target text will not have coherence problems. In this part of the chapter the different type of translation techniques develop by authors like Peter Newmark, Vasquez Ayora and Lopez Guix will be explain. All they points of view will by explain and compare to demonstrate the differences between each technique and the importance of each one. 2.2.1 Transposition For Và ¡zquez-Ayora (1977), the purpose of the transposition is to achieve expression naturalness for the target text, in all levels like lexical, structure and the context, and also can be defined as the procedure where a part of speech of the source text is replaced in the target text. Moreover, Newmark (1988) aims different types of transposition or shift (term used by Catford) such as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Change from singular to plural: furniture to des muebles à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Change in the position of the adjective: la maison blanche to the white house à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ When the source text contains a grammatical structure that does not exist in the target text: il viente de le faire to recently. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ When literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in the target text: Il ne tardera pas a renter to He will come back soon And he concludes that transposition is the only procedure that is related to grammar, and normally translators use this method intuitively. In order to have an integral knowledge about the varieties of transposition, here are exemplified some of the varieties which were mentioned by Và ¡zquez-Ayora (1977): 2.2.1.1 Abverb/Verb The application of hard work should eventually produce a heaven on earth La aplicacià ³n del trabajo diligente acabarà ­a por producir un paraà ­so en la tierra 2.2.1.2 Abverb/Noun That wont be often enough Eso serà ­a demasiada frecuencia 2.2.1.3 Abverb/Adjective The genuine international body El genuino cuerpo internacional 2.2.1.4 Verb or Past Participle/Noun We havent hear from him for a long time No hemos tenido noticias suyas por mucho tiempo 2.2.1.5 Adverb/Adjective We will attempt to be brief; relying on subsequent discussion to clarify points whichà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Trataremos de ser breves, confiados en que las discusiones subsiguientes podremos esclarecer 2.2.1.6 Verb/Adverb There used to be an inn there Habà ­a hace mucho allà ­ una posada 2.2.1.7 Noun/Verb or Past Participle During the remainder of the term Hasta que expire el mandato 2.2.1.8 Adjective/Noun It was another busy day beginning Comenzaba otro dà ­a de ajetreos 2.2.1.9 Adjective/Verb He pulled sharply upward into a full loop Ascendià ³ agudamente hasta completar un giro 2.2.1.10 Past Participle/Adjective Improved inputs Insumos mejores (o de mejor calidad) 2.2.2 Modulation According to Newmark (1988), modulation is defined by Vinay and Darbelnet as: a variation through a change of viewpoint, of perspective (eclairage) and very often of category of though. Standard modulation is recorded bilingual dictionaries, Newmark mention that free modulation is been use by translators when a target language reject the literary translation, there are eleven categories of modulation lists, but Newmark focus in just one negated contrary, as positive for double negative, is a concrete translation procedure which can be applied in any action (verb, adjective or adverb). Newmark (1988), mention that translations are free and double negative is not a forceful as the positive, the double negative depends of the voice, for that reason this modulation must depend on its formulation and the context. There are lexical gaps, but this modulation is virtually mandatory, the procedure is potentially available, but can be use when the translation is not natural, in other cases the procedures can be used. The second modulation procedure according to Vinay and Darbelnets is part of the whole, and it is explains by Newmark (1988) as: misleadingly described; it consists of what I can familiar alternatives. Newmark (1988) name the other modulation procedures: Abstract for concrete Cause for effect One part for another Reversal of terms Active for passive Intervals and limits Change of symbols The active for passive procedures is considering a transposition by Newmark (1988), it is mandatory when passive do not exist. There is important to mention that Newmark consider the categorization did by Vinay and Darbelnet incorrect. On the other hand the definition and categorization of modulation by Lopez Guix (1997), is the same definition of Newmark originated from Vinay and Darbelnet. But it is also define as a transposition in terms of the message due to the categories of thinking instead of grammar. In the procedures mention before the difficulties rising due to structure of two different linguistics systems, to all this is have to be add the linguistic and cultural specifications. Metonymic transfer (spatial contiguity, temporal or causal relationship between the original and the translations) Synecdoche or inclusion (this transformation is more common in English since this language is more direct, concrete) Reversal of terms (the change became the appositive) Negated contrary to create an affirmation (It is common in English, the use is not mandatory, the used depends of the context) Active for passive (English prefer the passive voice, opposite to Spanish which reject the passive voice) Change of symbols (this procedure let the translator to about the estrangement and desfamiliarization at the time to transform the sentences) The change from a casual for to an educated form (this is a common change from English to Spanish) Lopez Guix (1997) Another author is Vasquez Ayora (1977) he consider modulation as way to fight the literalism. Stylistic compare notion, it is a conceptual based inside a proposition, without changing the meaning, which is a different point of view from the translator using a different metaphor. Like Guix and Newmark, Ayora (1977), base is analysis with the same explanation of Vinay and Darbelnet. Ayora also mention that a different point of view will be the linguistic analysis. To this explanation we can add the hypothesis of George Mounin (1970) which said different point of view different analysis of text. Ayora consider transposition and modulation the most important procedures of translation. The categorization of modulation from Ayora is: Abstract for concrete Cause for effect One part the whole One part for another Inversion de terminus Negated contrary Form, aspect and used Change of symbols Symbols, in this case Ayora (1977) subdivide this procedure in: Passive to active Complement and configuration phrases Hypotactic and paratactic order Question and affirmation marks Director indirect speech Exocentric and endocentric expressions Figurate and direct vision Figurate vision to another Direct vision to figure Animism to inanimismo 2.2.3 Omision and amplificacià ³n Some of the translation methods are mainly used to resolve some reciprocation issues in order to convey the meaning and fit into the target language. A non-expert translator is more oriented to literal translation because of his/her fear or lack of knowledge about the different types of methods; however, in translation the objective is to respect the ideas in order to convey the meaning and not to be focused only on the words. One of the procedures that help translator to be more natural is omission, since as Và ¡zquez-Ayora (1977) says it is often ignored or underused. He also adds that omission obeys to the linguistic principle of saving and the requirement of naturalness of equivalence in the target language. Furthermore, Và ¡zquez-Ayora presents different types of omission, some examples below: 2.2.3.1 Omission of Abusive Redundancies In many cases companies profit from the research grants Muchas compaà ±Ãƒ ­as sacan provecho de las donaciones para la investigacià ³n 2.2.3.2 Omission of Repletion Georgette smiled that wonderful smile, and we shook hand all round (Hemingway) Georgette tuvo una maravillosa sonrisa y todos nos dimos la mano 2.2.3.3 Omission of Auxiliary can I can hear music in the next room Oigo mà ºsica en la otra oficina 2.2.3.4 Different Examples of Omission: The implications of increasing interdependence among nations Las implicaciones de la creciente interdependencia de las naciones (o de la dependencia entre naciones The only other nomination made so far is that of the Argentinian Ambassador La à ºnica candidatura propuesta hasta ahora es la del Embajador de Argentina In contrast, the addition method is opposed to saving, without neglecting the natural tone of the target text, where more lexemes and morphemes (words or symbols) are used in the final text to express the same idea. There are also several types of addition, according to Và ¡zquez-Ayora (1977); however, only some of them will be mentioned: 2.2.3.5 Adverb Addition I told her that life here is not interesting Le dije que la vida en esta ciudad carece de interà ©s 2.2.3.6 Verb Addition I dont know what you mean No sà © lo que quieres decir 2.2.3.7 Adjective Addition I intent to discuss the economy of your programs Deseo discutir la economà ­a de las propagandas que ustedes dirigen 2.2.4 Explicitacion Explicitation is used by translators to express what is implicit from the source text to the target text. According to Và ¡zquez-Ayora (1977), the English language owns high levels of semantic and meta-linguistic aspects that need to be explicit in Spanish, meaning that English has linguistic concentration of thought advantages over Spanish, so if these elements are not clear, the target text can be vague. Moreover, Và ¡zquez-Ayora adds that the main objective of this method is explain and be specific; however, he emphasizes that this procedure cannot be used overused, since if the message from the source text is hidden, it should be translated as the original paper in order to not loss the accuracy. Below some examples: He shook his head can be translated as Movià ³ la cabeza afirmativamente A need for specific skills can be translated as Necesidad de personal especializado en ramos especificos Their long journey halfway across the world can be translated as El largo viaje que habia de conducirles a travez del mundo 2.2.5 Traduccion literal For this term Newmark consider literal translation as a technique and best option to translating text where the form is important as the content of great speeches, autobiographies and literary works. Guix (1977) explain the literary translation with the words of Vinay and Darbelnet, is the transfer word by word respecting the linguistic bonded of the target language. Guix (1977) also mention that literal translation is interlineal. In the case of Ayora (1997) he explains that literal translation is a procedure in which the translator need to involved a parallel structure and concept, this is not word for word translation. 2.2.6 Falsas anà ¡logas Both languages, Spanish and English, have thousands of words that are the same or alike in form and also have the same meaning, this group is known as cognates. On the other hand, there are another group of words that are deceiving and look similar, but the meaning is quite different, these are known as false cognates or false friends. These false cognates can cause translation problems, so the translator needs to be very careful when encountering words that seem to be the same in both languages; therefore, it is better to not assume the meaning of the words and also recommends reviewing the words in a monolingual dictionary first. 2.3 Glossaries The Merriam Webster dictionary define glossary as a collection of textual glosses or of specialized terms with their respective meanings a list that gives definitions of the hard or unusual words found in a book. But glossaries are much more, they are exceptional tools for translators, as they help in the selection of appropriate terms during the translation process, now that are customized dictionaries with a list of terms in a special subject or field with its definitions , uses, and associated notes in the target language . Glossaries are used by translators working on difficult text with specific terminology; these lists of terms could also include any company or product specific content ranging from standard abbreviations, names, technical terms and phrases; software strings; legal terms; ingredient lists; catalogue items; and more depending on the field of the translation. Plus other identifying information such as context or reference that may also be included. In this section specific aspects of the glossary would be explained such as its relevance not only for the translator but as for the translation process, in addition to the procedures for translators to create a glossary. 2.3.1 Relevance for the translator According to Gapper (2008) Translators are not required to know the precise meaning of all existing words; especially when working with specialized text such as: institutional translations, papers from the area of politics, commerce, finance, and medicine; so even the best translator may find difficult translating specific concepts or catch phrases if he is not acquainted to that particular topic or field. That is why, translators should have at hand the necessary tools to develop an accurate translation and the glossary is the ideal tool, now that it helps translators to make sure that each time a defined key term appears, in any language, it is used consistently and correctly in addition it ensures that those difficult terms that will be needed by the reader are write down in an easy way helping to better understand the document topic and concepts. 2.3.2 Relevance for the translation process: In the field of translation, the use of a glossary to maintain consistency is really important and can make a big difference in the quality and coherence of the translated document. Access to reliable and accurate terminology is fundamental to minimize the spent of time on researching and correcting the terms that can be so time consuming, in that way the glossary is useful by saving time and effort to the translators, in addition to ensure consistency within and across the text documents. And all this is to produce an understandable content to readers, helping the text to communicate effectively its message to the audience. 2.3.3 How to create a glossary? For the purpose of explaining in a clear and specific way the creation of the glossary, some important recommendations made by Gapper (2008) would be mentioned The first step proposed by Gapper (2008) consists on determining what is needed in order to create a preliminary design; this will help to define the project scope and an efficient time management, especially if the project will be delivered for a specific organization. In this way, the translator can ensure a high quality work. According to Gapper (2008), the gathering information process will allow the person or translator to have a vast knowledge of what is required. Once all this information is compiled, it is also necessary to have the data documented and systematically archived. At this point, the translator can go over with the glossary creation based on the requirements and the users that were defined during the first stage. Below, the specific steps to generate a glossary based on Gapper (2008) recommendation: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Determine the purpose of the glossary (users, used, where and under what circumstances will be used? what institution will be benefit? and so on) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Define the content (terms, information regarding the terms) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Additional information, if required (singular/plural, dramatics, usage, and so on) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Format Definition In addition, according to Gapper (2008) another important decision will be to delineate what type of information will be included for each term. The inclusion of equivalences can result should enrich the glossaries, due to there are some words vary in different countries with the same spoken language; she also suggests that a glossary can include examples on how to use a specific term, this can help as a comparison with other terms, and also idiomatic expressions can be included to guide the user. On the other hand, aspects about the format need to be analyzed, here, is important to consider aspects like: the use of caps, parenthesis, and alphabetic order. The last step based on Gapper (2008) recommendation is the verification stage, so before delivering the final version it is needed a meticulous review of the work performed, in the first reading the content should be review to ensure the information is truthful and accurate, and then it guarantees that was offered in a clear and consistent way, the second reading is basically focused on the usage of language and the format aspects. G